19th Century Bildungsromans

19th Century Bildungsromans Free Online Research Papers The Bildungsromans is used in literature to help describe ones coming of age. It is often used to help describe the problems of the society in which a young individual is coming of age in. The novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, By: Mark Twain and Great Expectations By: Charles Dickens, both show how authors use the technique of a bildungsromans to portray the wrongs of a society. Although both novels take place at different setting, both show the development of a youth in the flawed native society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The main character Huck grows up in the bigoted and traditional south along the Mississippi river. In this traditionalist society there were many flaws that need to be addresses and by using a blidungsromams, Twain was able to address the problems and bring them to light in a tactful manner. Among these issues to be addressed is the issue of slavery. In the novel, Twain uses Huck’s conscious to convince readers that slavery is wrong. During the journey down-river Huck realizes that Jim, the escaped slave, is like a normal white person, just a little slower. During this time he also resolves to treat Jim like a white person and to not treat him any lower. This shocking show of sympathy is used to help tell people that blacks are equals. Twains other major example of the problems of that time are exemplified by the Duke and Dauphin and The Royal Nonesuch plays that they put on. The greed and the selfishness of the Duke and Dauphin are used to help show the social problems of the time. When the Duke and Dauphin put on The Royal Nonesuch plays, the first groups of people who are scammed force the Duke and Dauphin to put it on again because they are too insecure to admit that they were swindled. This shows that the stubbornness of this time ruled over logic and trust. The feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepardsons also represents the flaws of the 19th century Mississippi valley region. The petty feud represents all the stubbornness of the times and the people’s ability to senselessly hate. Lastly, Paps brutal treatment of Huck in the novel is used to convey the horror and dangers of alcoholism. In the novel, Pap uses Huck to try and procure Huck’s fortune from him. He even goes to the extent to kidnapping him to try and get the money, so he can by more booze. This instance of poor parenting and irresponsibility is used by twain to show how the crippling addiction of alcoholism can destroy one’ s self and their family. The novel Great Expectations is also a great example of a piece of literature that uses the story of a developing young adult and the society they grow up in to show the problems of the society they are growing up in. In Great Expectations, while growing up, Pip experiences the cruel class warfare between the upper and lower classes in England. Estella’s brutal treatment of Pip when she first meets him exemplifies the hatred between the two classes. This class hatred had caused much conflict between the two groups throughout history. This part of the book comments on that and suggests that instead of hating each other we should start trying to get along. In the novel, Dickens also comments on the fake gentlemanly class that tries to be something they’re not, such as Mr. Pumblechook. Mr. Pumblechook is pretentious in his efforts and acts solely to preserve some kind of status for himself and put himself above those who do not know any better. This is proven when the serg eant comes over to the house and Mr. Pumblechook entertains him with the wine that was a gift for Miss Joe. When Pip is brought to London to become a gentleman, he experiences firsthand the brutal nature of people in this time period. When he first arrives in London, he is shown the city by Mr. Jagger’s assistant. The assistant, at one point takes him to the square where people are publically executed and crowds gather and make an afternoon of it. This was a common occurrence for England at this time. This, along with the public torture of animals through having dogs attack a bear, and other brutal and ‘inhumane’ practice were considered all in good fun. Pip reacts to this with almost no disdain, and generally accepts it as acceptable. The inhumanity of this time is conveyed by Dickens through using Pips journey to adulthood. Throughout Pips childhood he is treated in a manner that many consider unacceptable and crude for a child to experience. When Pip is living with Mr. and Mrs. Joe he is treated as if he were an unruly, incompetent adult. During this time period it was a common belief that all children were mischievous and fully aware of their actions. This widely held belief caused much bitterness and pain for pip in his early years. While children should be kept under control, they should be punished like an adult would be punished for making the same offense. This harsh style of parenting is portrayed as highly cruel by Dickens, and is done so in an artfully literary fashion. The story of a youth becoming an adult, known as Bildungsromans, is used by the nineteenth century’s two most prominent novelists to convey the problems of their time. Among these problems are slavery, greed, stubbornness, addiction, pretentiousness, cruelty and poor-parenting. These issues are displayed for the reader, in both The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Great Expectations, in an artful and tactful way. The ability to use the coming of age stories of two very different boys, in two very different time periods, to make people aware of the issue of the time, assures the place of Mark Twain and Charles Dickens as the equally leading literary authors of the nineteenth century. Research Papers on 19th Century BildungsromansThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTrailblazing by Eric AndersonWhere Wild and West MeetMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentGenetic Engineering

Free Essays on Manchild

Claude Brown’s novel, Manchild in the Promised Land, is not only a story about one man's struggle to find freedom and intellectual happiness, but a story about his discovery of his own inherent strengths and abilities. Throughout the novel, he progresses from compliance to independence, from invincibility to harsh reality, and from self-doubt to dignity. Aided by intuitive mentors and his shrewd judgement, Sonny breaks free from the vicious cycle of drugs and temptation that plagues Harlem and those closest to him. He escapes with greater understanding of where his misplaced generation belongs. At the precocious age of six, Sonny delves into a lifestyle of stealing, lying, and playing hookey with his ten-year-old cronies. He learns to be independent at this young age due to the hostile environment; basic commodities are scarce, his father regularly â€Å"beats the devil† out of him, and his mother persists in her position as the sole caregiver in the family. The overall dismal aura stems from Sonny and his family being disillusioned victims of what should have been. Originally scraping a living as sharecroppers in the South, they followed a ray of hope from the North, which promised unlimited opportunities, bathrooms, electricity, running water, and essentially a second chance at life. They bid farewell to long hours in the cotton fields and racial animosity, only to be engulfed in the overcrowded, hostile, slums up North in Harlem. Sonny’s rebellious conduct is a way to cope with his generation’s helplessness. Blacks earn much more money dealing drugs or prostituting themselves than working menial jobs. Consequently, there is no shame of participating in criminal activity if it means putting enough food on the table. Furthermore, white government officials and policemen neglect the needs of the black community in Harlem. By acting out in violence, perhaps the boys find a means of asserting one's individuality in an oppres... Free Essays on Manchild Free Essays on Manchild Claude Brown’s novel, Manchild in the Promised Land, is not only a story about one man's struggle to find freedom and intellectual happiness, but a story about his discovery of his own inherent strengths and abilities. Throughout the novel, he progresses from compliance to independence, from invincibility to harsh reality, and from self-doubt to dignity. Aided by intuitive mentors and his shrewd judgement, Sonny breaks free from the vicious cycle of drugs and temptation that plagues Harlem and those closest to him. He escapes with greater understanding of where his misplaced generation belongs. At the precocious age of six, Sonny delves into a lifestyle of stealing, lying, and playing hookey with his ten-year-old cronies. He learns to be independent at this young age due to the hostile environment; basic commodities are scarce, his father regularly â€Å"beats the devil† out of him, and his mother persists in her position as the sole caregiver in the family. The overall dismal aura stems from Sonny and his family being disillusioned victims of what should have been. Originally scraping a living as sharecroppers in the South, they followed a ray of hope from the North, which promised unlimited opportunities, bathrooms, electricity, running water, and essentially a second chance at life. They bid farewell to long hours in the cotton fields and racial animosity, only to be engulfed in the overcrowded, hostile, slums up North in Harlem. Sonny’s rebellious conduct is a way to cope with his generation’s helplessness. Blacks earn much more money dealing drugs or prostituting themselves than working menial jobs. Consequently, there is no shame of participating in criminal activity if it means putting enough food on the table. Furthermore, white government officials and policemen neglect the needs of the black community in Harlem. By acting out in violence, perhaps the boys find a means of asserting one's individuality in an oppres...

The Role of Utmost Good Faith in Insurance Law Case Study

The Role of Utmost Good Faith in Insurance Law - Case Study Example This difference in approaches to contracts in the US and the UK will illustrate how the UK will uphold claims even if questionable on the strict guidelines of the contract and material fact; whereas the US relies more on the concept of good faith and how this applies to the material fact. The basis of Hansen Bancorp Inc et al v US is that the Court of Federal Claims had erred in its judgment and the breach of contract by the US government was total therefore the appellants of the Hanson Company were entitled to restitution on all counts. This decision stems from the question whether there has been a total breach of contract if there has been a total breach of contract restitution is available. The court decided there was a total breach because the US government had come to a contract and Hanson had committed its resources to fulfill its duties; however, the US government had failed to complete its obligations, therefore, fulfilling the criteria of a total breach of contractual obliga tion. This decision is primarily an exercise in the power of the contract and its adherence, which cannot be avoided even if the breaching party is the government. The case of Hansen Bancorp heavily relies on the adherence of the contract and contract law; whereby once the parties started to act on the contract then it is only fair that the other party follows through with their contractual obligations. This case does not fudge along the lines of what may not constitute the total breach of the contract.... judgement and the breach of contract by the US government was total therefore the appellants of the Hanson Company were entitled to restitution on all counts. This decision stems around the question whether there has been a total breach of contract, if there has been a total breach of contract restitution is available; however without total breach this remedy is not available. The court decided there was a total breach because the US government had come to a contract and Hanson had committed its resources by fulfilling its duties; however the US government had failed to complete its obligations therefore fulfilling the criteria of a total breach of contractual obligation. This decision is primarily an exercise in the power of the contract and its adherence, which cannot be avoided even if the breaching party is the government. The case of Hansen Bancorp heavily relies on the adherence of the contract and contract law; whereby once the parties started to act on the contract then it is only fair that the other party follows through with their contractual obligations. This case does not fudge along the lines of what may not constitute total breach of the contract. Rather the courts take a very logical and straightforward approach considering each part of the dealing to ensure that a total breach has occurred. The court identifies that a breach is an act or failure to act that impedes the fulfillment of the contract by one of the parties, where the other party has fulfilled their obligations or all the obligations they are able to prior to action by the other party. This approach ensures that the original contract is the most important factor in determining a breach and if the actions of a party are obviously impeding the contract then there is a breach of contract, i.e.

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANAD - Essay Example The first class consists of sedimentary  rocks which form the Earths surface. Some consist of fragments that vary in range and are eroded from older  rocks and deposited as gravel, sand or mud and are then consolidated by burial yielding  conglomerate, sandstone or shale respectively. Others comprise of chemical deposits, for example gypsum or rock salt, which resulted from evaporation of seawater. Still others result from biological activities, for instance cemented shell fragments or coral reefs form limestone. Sedimentary  rocks  make  up  the easternmost ranges of the Canadian Cordillera known as the Mackenzie, Rocky and Franklin mountains, but are common in the western Cordillera as well. Many sedimentary rocks  have petrified remains of animals and plants (fossils), and older  rocks  contain diverse kinds of fossils compared to younger  rocks. Igneous  rocks  originated deep within the Earth as molten rock or magma. Magma that solidified deep within the earth formed platonic rock such as granite, which is a common rock particularly in the coast mountains of the western Cordillera and are widely distributed elsewhere. Magma that emerged as lava and cooled at the Earths surface formed a variety of volcanic rock, which is widespread in the interior plateau region and elsewhere in the western Canadian Cordillera. Metamorphic  rocks  formed when igneous  or sedimentary rocks  were buried deep within the Earth during mountain formation. New minerals grew while old features of the rock were destroyed in response to the high temperatures and pressures encountered in the Earth’s core. Consequently, limestone changed to marble, shale to schist, and platonic rock to gneiss. Metamorphic  rocks  are common in the Shuswap Highland, the Coast Mountains and the Columbia, Omineca and Cariboo ranges of the eastern Cordillera. The presence of metamorphic  rocks  at the surface is the evidence of those parts of the

Performance pay at safelight Auto Glass Case Study

Performance pay at safelight Auto Glass - Case Study Example Because of this, Safelite created this incentive system to motivate their employees and decrease turnover. As additional motivation, they created a table to show their technicians how much more money they could make if they put in more effort. They were still guaranteed their hourly wage, but if they put more effort into their work and increased the numbers of installations, they effectively would be able to increase their wage by $3 per hour or more. In addition to the technicians, it was important that store managers were also able to partake in and understand this PPP schematic. Depending on the size of the store, the managers were also expected to install a certain number of glass pieces, as well as maintaining the motivation of their staff. Safelite understood that there may be instances where a manager spending time installing glass would be detrimental, so they categorized their stores based on size. They largest, busiest store managers were not expected to install glass, but still needed to understand the PPP. Whereas managers in the smaller, slower stores were expected to spend some time in installation. This, according to Bill Rapp, was an incentive for them to hire and maintain a small number of technicians. â€Å"We want them to think, ‘If I hire another tech, I’ll have less to install myself.’† ultimately reducing the manager’s overall pay. 1B. Does it introduce new problem? Yes, it does. A reduction in the technician’s guaranteed hourly wage may result in a huge turnover. If a technician was for some reason unable to install enough glass pieces to compensate himself to his satisfaction, he likely would move on to a competing company that would offer him the highest rate possible. There are also a number of extenuating circumstances that were not taken into account. These include: scheduling errors or miscommunications, operational problems and inclement weather. All of these could prevent the technician fro m installing enough glass to make the PPP rate. Also, in winter time, the PPP was nearly impossible to attain, and the technicians were essentially at the mercy of the CSR’s, warehouse drivers and the employees at the manufacturing facility, who were not a part of the PPP plan. The PPP plan also came across to the technicians as, â€Å"†¦We’re gonna cut your pay by 30% and you can make up the difference,† (Gassiot). This likely induced a fear in the Safelite technicians, encouraging them to move on to a company that did not gamble with their wages. 2A. What are the pros and cons of switching from wage rates to piece rate pay? The pros and cons are very similar to the answers to questions 1A and 1B. The introduction of the PPP was a great idea, in as much as it offered technicians and managers alike the opportunity to earn a higher wage. Based on their productivity and how motivated they were, they could potentially increase their salary by $3 or more per ho ur. Given that the average technician in this study only received between $10 and $12 per hour, the additional $3 per hour or more was very enticing and motivating. The PPP did not only cover glass installation, which was another incentive. It covered windshields, other glass pieces, repairs, wipers and other items used and sold in the shop, which increased the ability for an installer to increase their pay rate even more. This was good for the managers in the smaller,

Contrast And Comparison Of Urban And Rural Religion History Essay

Contrast And Comparison Of Urban And Rural Religion History Essay This paper explores Roman Britain Religion namely the urban and the rural religion in the Romano-British Period. The archaeological examples which are of great value in finding contrast and comparison of the rural and urban religions help us to develop the theme of the paper. The paper is organized in such a way that it touches upon the main religious trends in Roman Britain ( two main religions: Pagan and Christianity which existed in Roman Britain). Contrast and Comparison of the Urban and the Rural Religion in the Romano-British Period The religious situation in the Roman Empire was rather difficult and complicated. All the variety of cults and religions which were represented in the Roman Empire can be divided into several groups. Among them are the cults which symbolize the main idea of the Roman Empire the worship of Emperor. The other ones are the worship of traditional Olympian Gods and the religions of local people which were conquered by the Romes. (Ireland, 1986) Religion in Roman Britain is of special interest. It is known from the history of Britain that Roman Britain which occupied some part of the island of Great Britain belonged to the Roman Empire from AD 43 to AD 410. It was one of the numerous provinces of Roman Empire. (Esmonde, 1989) At that period there were such religions as pagan religion and Christianity. The goal of this paper is to find the contrast and comparison of urban and rural religions in the Romano-British period by means of different archaeological examples founded on the territory of Britain. (Hening, 1984) THE MAIN TYPES OF RELIGION IN ROMAN BRITAIN There were several types of religion in Roman Britain which are represented by the following religious trends: the Graeco-Roman and Barbaric Paganisms, Mithraism and other Eastern Cults and Christianity. (Ward, 1911) The Celtic Caste of Druids who were considered to be the first people of Britain were declared to be an outlaw by Claudius. Their defense of the sacred groves was a failure. The Romance ruined them on the island of Mona. Nevertheless, the worship of Celtic pagan Deities existed in the period of Roman rule.(Frere and Tomlin, 1991) TOWNS AND CITIES OF ROMAN BRITAIN Different towns and cities in Roman Britain appeared in different periods of Roman rule. It is very interesting to find information concerning the activities, religions and monuments by the examination of the archaeological records which were found during numerous excavations carried out on the territory of Britain. (see fig.1) Of course, these records are incomplete due to preservation and opportunity to excavate. (The Association for Roman Archeology) Fig.1 Archaeological excavations at York. York Archaeological Trust According to the research materials of the Association for Roman Archeology, the best preserved and explored Roman towns and cities are the following ones: Wroxeter, Silchester, Verulamium. (see fig.2) There are also some written sources which were found during the excavations. These sources tell about some examples of events Aurelius Victor (about death of Severus in York) and Tacitus Anales. (The Association for Roman Archeology). Fig.2 Reconstruction of the center of the town in Roman Britain Wroxeter. You can find a bath house and the basilica in this picture. Illustration by Ivan Lapper. English Heritage The Distinguishing Features of Towns in Roman Britain. In order to compare urban religion and rural religion in the Romano-British period, it is necessary to find some distinguishing features of towns in Roman Britain. They include the following elements: A great deal of houses for town dwellers A center for the government of the town Manufacture and trade buildings: shops, warehouses, workshops, markets, hospitals places for different cultural activities such as theaters, bath houses, taverns, amphitheaters a special religious places temples and statuaries.(Millet,1990) There are many streets in any town of Roman-British period. The cemeteries are situated around the town. URBAN RELIGION IN ROMAN BRITAIN AND SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES It is known that Roman rule allowed both the Romans and he local people who were conquered by them to worship numerous gods and goddesses. That is why there was a growth of temples and shrines to different deities. Before the advent of Christianity the Imperial Cult was considered to be one of the main religious aspects.(see fig.3) The Emperor was a so called mediator between the people and the gods. (Mattingly, 2000) Fig.3. Bronze Bust of Emperor Hadrian, The British Museum The town of Colchester was the most important place for the Imperial Cult. The main religious elements included temples, altars and shrines. (Collingwood, 1956) Temples were special houses for the Gods. The action of worship took place at the altars where different outdoor rites were organized. Shrines were special places of Gods presence. For example, the complex at Colchester had typically Roman style buildings. (Collingwood, 1956) It is interesting to notice that most of shrines were located in the country side and only some of them could be found in the towns. (The Romans in Britain) The experts in the sphere of archaeology confirm that there was a wide fusion and adoption of Roman Gods to the established local deities. The people venerated to several Gods with the same attributes. For example, Sulis-Minerva at Bath. (Religion in Roman Britain) A great number of temples and shrines to various deities were found in the towns and cities of Roman Britain: The Capitolium in Verulamium which represented a shrine to the Capitoline Triad of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. An inscription to a Serapis/Osiris temple in York Londons Mithraeum Different epigraphical sources which referred to Cult centers of Cybele and Isis found in London Altars are the places where people had an opportunity to worship outdoor. There were numerous inscriptions on the altars which named the God or Gods to whom they were sacred. The inscriptions consisted of short sentences and had abbreviations. For example, V.S.L.M. Votum solvit libens merito which means He fulfills his vow, willingly, dutifully. (FrereTomlin, 1991) Archaeological examples of altars in the towns of Roman Britain are the following: Altar to Mother Goddesses of the household by Gaius Julius Crescens, Nunnely Lane which is situated in York Altars to Fortuna, Aesculapius, Salus and Genius Loci which is located in Chester The altar which commemorates the rebuilding of the temple of Isis by Marcus Martianius Pulcher located in London Our knowledge of Christianity in the Romano-British Period is taken mainly from the literary sources. So, the archaeological examples are scarce. The only one is a Christian Church which is situated at Silchester. It was a very small building in the center of the town that means the Christian Community had no local influence. RURAL RELIGION IN THE ROMANO-BRITISH PERIOD It is known that most people in Roman Britain lived in the country side. They lived in small villages. Those who were rich built large houses in a Roman style which were called villas. (Persival, 1976) Fig.4 Reconstruction Illustration of Bignor Villa in Sussex. A villa is a large beautiful house in a roman style which has tall stone walls and fabulous mosaic floors, with a bath house and gardens.(see fig.4,5) Fig.5 View of Rockbourne Villa (Hampshire). Country Council Museum. Rural religion included religious festivals when the peasants prayed to the Gods and Goddesses for having good harvest and healthy domestic animals. (see fig.6) It was very important for agriculture in the country side. It is impossible to find some written sources about the rural religion in life in the works of British writers. Fig.6 Mosaic which shows Ceres, the Goddess of Harvest. From Broading Villa. All the data concerning the rural life we can get from the archaeological excavations. The archaeologists found the remains of farm and villa buildings, the bones of domestic cattle, seeds of crops. There are two well-known villas in Roman Britain: Chedworth situated in Gloucestershire and Bignur which is situated in Sussex. (Salway, 1993) Fig.7 Map of town and regions of Roman Britain The most important religious festivals took place each season of the year. The festival of Lupercalia celebrated in the middle of February was devoted to springs awakening. The God Pan at Lupercalia or Faunus defended domestic animals (caws and sheep) and the shepherds. (Salway, 1993) The first Christians in the country-sides of Roman Britain persecuted that is why they worshiped in houses they lived. According to some archaeological data, Lullingstone Villa had the walls of a private chapel with pictures of people who were praying. (Hening, 1984) Fig.8 The Wall picture from the Christian Chapel in Lullingstone Villa, which shows people at prayer. The British Museum The archaeologists found a mosaic at a villa in Dorset which showed Jesus Christ with a symbol chi-rho behind his head. The orange fruits stand for the symbol of plenty. (see fig.9) Fig.9 The head of Jesus Christ painted on a mosaic from the villa at Hintin St.Mary in Dorset. The British Museum The archaeologists found a lead tank of the 4-th century from Walesby in Lincolnshire. It proves the fact that in order to become a member of the Christian Community it is necessary to be baptised with water by a priest. (see fig.10) Fig.10 A small part of a lead tank from Walesby which was used for Christian Baptism which shows people who are preparing for a babtism. City and Country Museum in Lincoln. The other interesting archaeological finding represents Roman silver vessels and spoons used in communion service.(see fig.11) Holy Communion is a significant part of Christian worship in with the members of the community believe that the priest must change wine and bread into Jesus Christ blood. (Millet, 1990) Fig.11 Church plate and silver vessels found in Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, the 4th century. The British Museum. Christians began to built churches in the 4th century. It is known that they had an apse which represented a small semi-circular area at the east part where the altar was located. (see fig.12) Fig.12 Reconstruction illustration of a Roman Church in Colchester. The apse is at the end of the building. Illustration be Peter Foster. Colchester Archaeological Trust CONCLUSION In the Roman Britain towns played an important role. They were the centers of trade, culture and government. It is known that in Britain before the Romans rule there were no towns or cities. All the towns were built by the Romans in different parts of Britain. For example, such towns as Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln were built instead of legionary fortresses. The retired soldiers lived there. The towns in Roman Britain were not large (about 10000 people). Religion in the towns and cities of Roman Britain was more idealized than in the country-side. The temples were built mostly in the towns. Speaking about the villages in Roman Britain, it is necessary to say that rural religion was represented by the local culture and worship saved from the Iron Age. Rural religion fell behind urban religion. Moreover, there was a great difference in language too. In some remote mountainous regions, the people spoke Celtic language while in the towns the soldiers and traders spoke Latin. Nevert heless, rural religion which was mostly Pagan religion, later could be replaced by the Christianity. The above mentioned archaeological examples prove the obvious growth of Christian elements in the life of country-side in Romano-British period.

Robert E. Lee Essay -- Robert Lee Biography Biograhies Essays

Robert E. Lee   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert E. Lee was born on January 19, 1807 in Stafford, Virginia. The son of Lighthorse Harry Lee and was educated at the U.S. Military academy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1829 he graduated second in his class receiving a commission as second lieutenant in 1836 and captain in 1838. He distinguished himself in the Mexican War and was wounded in the storming of Chapultepec in 1847; for his meritorious service he received his third promotion in rank.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He became superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy and later appointed colonel of calvery. He was in command of the Department of Texas in 1860 and early the following year was summoned to Washington, D.C., when war between the states seemed imminent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President Abraham Lincoln offered him the field of command of the Union forces but Lee refused. On April, 20 when Virginia succeeded from the Union, he submitted his resignation of the U.S. Army.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 23 he became commander in chief of the military and naval forces of Virginia. For a year he was military adviser to Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederate States of America, and was then placed in command of the Army in northern Virginia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In February 1865 Lee was made commander in chief of all Confederate armies; two months later the war was virtually ended by his surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The masterly strategy of Lee was overcome only by the superior resources and troop str...

J.I. Packer Reflection Paper

Jonathan Gamble Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God Reflection Paper When he sat down to write Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God, J. I. Packer sought to explain the incredible importance of understanding the antinomy – or tension, as some call it – between the undeniable sovereignty of God and the free will of men. Throughout the book, Packer puts an emphasis on reconciling these two commonly misconstrued components of Christian doctrine. There are two primary points that the author stresses to the reader: the divine sovereignty of God and the free will of man, and evangelism and what it means for churches and individuals.The first point J. I. Packer makes in his book is the seemingly contradictory doctrine of the divine sovereignty of God and the free will of men. This opposition – as some would call it – is remedied by Packer early on in the book. On page 23 of the text, the author states, â€Å"Man is a responsible moral agent, though he is also divinely controlled; man is divinely controlled, though he is also a responsible moral agent. God’s sovereignty is a reality, and man’s responsibility is a reality too. Though it may seem confusing to unbelievers and believers alike, this statement truly encapsulates Packer’s argument and helps to alleviate doubt toward this apparent opposition in Christian doctrine. Man is a moral being; meaning, he has free will, but was designed (by God) to be virtuous and upright in morality. Humans have the power to do as they please (free will); they can either live according to God’s laws or reject His teaching. God allows man to possess free will because He wants men to choose His teachings willingly and on their own accord, not forced into God’s law against his will.However, Packer states that man is also divinely controlled, which seems to be at odds with the previous statement. Though man has free will, to a certain extent he is still controlled by a div ine being (God). Ephesians 2:10 tells us, â€Å"For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do† (NIV). This proves that, although we have free will and are capable of making our own decisions, God created us to do good works and He knows what we will do before we even do it.Thus, Packer’s argument is that, although we have free will and God allows us to make our own decisions (including accepting or rejecting Him), we are still divinely controlled by Him through the good works we do. Second among Packer’s emphasized points is that of evangelism; not just the act, but what it means for churches and individuals alike. Throughout this portion of the book, the author focuses on several main questions regarding evangelism: what is evangelism, what is the evangelistic message, and what is the motive for evangelizing.Packer uses the following to define evangelism: â€Å"To evangelize is so to p resent Christ Jesus in the power of the Holy Spirit, that men shall come to their trust in God through Him, to accept Him as their Savior, and serve Him as their King in the fellowship of His Church† (Packer 38). This definition is superb because it leads into Packer’s next questions of evangelism. The message of evangelism, according to the book, is the message of Jesus Christ’s work, including, but not limited to, his miracles, death, burial, and resurrection.However, Packer warns not to complicate the Gospel message; instead, a simplified version geared toward the target audience is a much more effective means of presenting Christ. The motive for evangelizing is thus: to reach lost and broken souls with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to lead them to a saving faith in Him. Packer makes very good arguments and backs up his stance with solid evidence from both the Bible and extra-biblical sources; because of his logical and straightforward argument, I agree with his presentation of the antinomy of evangelism and the sovereignty of God.In Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God, the author argues that men both have free will, yet are divinely controlled. I fully support this viewpoint, from both a biblical and practical standpoint. Throughout both the Old and New Testaments, men demonstrate their free will, for good or ill. For example, the parable of the talents shows how men’s free will – through the illustrations of the three servants – can either bring glory to God or condemn the man. All three of the servants exercised their free will by either doubling the talents entrusted to them (the first two), or by simply hiding their talent (the final servant).Obviously, the first two servants brought glory to their master by earning interest on their talents, while the final servant was condemned as a â€Å"wicked, lazy servant† (Matthew 25:14-30). Thus, despite the outcome, men have been given the free will by God to do as they please. Packer endorses this viewpoint throughout his book, and gives numerous biblical citations to support his doctrinal views. Although men have free will, they are also divinely controlled by God; Packer shows this throughout his book, and I agree with his arguments and evidences.An excellent example of this – and the main reason why I support Packer’s argument for men being divinely controlled – can be found in the book of Exodus. â€Å"Then the Lord said to Moses, ‘Go to Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials so that I may perform these signs of mine among them that you may tell your children and grandchildren how I dealt harshly with the Egyptians and how I performed my signs among them, and that you may know that I am the Lord† (Exodus 10:1-2).This event shows that God controls the hearts of man, by his hardening the heart of Pharaoh. So, although we have free will, God is still in control of our h eart, mind, and soul; we are still divinely controlled. If I was to explain to somebody the biblical teaching on the relationship of evangelism Packer’s book and my own understanding of this seemingly contradictory doctrine. I would attempt to explain to them this complex doctrine in simplified terms. To start, I would define sovereignty for them.Sovereignty can be defined as the complete, utter, and undeniable rule of God as King over all creation, including the stars, planets, and man. After establishing the meaning of the basic words for the argument, I would go on to explain about the antinomy of men’s free will and the undeniable sovereignty of God. Men are made with the free will to make their own decisions, and are left to their own devices for the most part. However, with this free will comes responsibility; our actions can either bring glory to God or can bring hardship upon ourselves.Although we are given free will, we are still divinely controlled by God. I would bring about examples from both my own life and the Bible. I would try to relate to them by telling them of my past; I was heavily involved in alcohol and partying in high school (my free will – to reject God and His teaching), until God intervened and brought me to a saving faith in Him, and my life turned completely around (God’s sovereignty over my own life). By drawing events from my own life, it would help to make the confusing doctrine a bit more understandable and relatable to whoever I’m talking to.I would explain the concept of evangelism to them next; evangelism, in my own words, is the act of reaching out to an unreached audience and telling them about Jesus Christ, his miraculous life and works, his death and resurrection, and the saving grace that comes as a result of putting one’s faith in Him. Evangelism is worldly important because it brings sinners to God’s grace; by spreading the Good News to the unreached, we can help turn t he tide of religious apathy into a generation that is in relationship with Jesus Christ.Many would argue that because God is sovereign, evangelism is pointless and a waste of time, resources, and talent. However, both Packer and I would argue that this is completely false. I would explain to my listener that because of the free will God grants us, we should tell others about Him and His great love and mercy. I would go on to quote Ephesians 2:10, which says that we were created to do good works. Because we were created to do good works, it should not feel an obligation to evangelize; rather, it should be viewed a privilege and an honor – a necessity – to spread the news of Christ.Although God is in control of man’s actions and thus already knows who is going to be receptive of the Truth, it is still our obligation and privilege as Christians to spread the Word (evangelize) to any and everybody. Works Cited 1. â€Å"Ephesians 2:10, Exodus 10:1-2. † NIV Bib le. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2000. N. pag. Print. 2. Packer, J. I. Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1991. Print.

Prime Minister and the President essays

Prime Minister and the President essays There are two offices separated by 3674 miles, which have served as vital roles on the world stage over the past three centuries. One office represents a culture that drinks tea at four oclock and fishnchips, while the other represents a culture that watches 300-pound men push each other around every Sunday and cheeseburgers. One office has been around for 281 years and the other for 226 years. Both of these offices are given an immense amount of respect throughout the world. Nevertheless, these offices cannot run their own government; they have to work with the House of Commons and the Congress. These two offices are the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the President of the United States of America. The Prime Ministry started in 1721, when Sir Robert Walpole worked at 10 Downing Street- Great Britains equivalent to the White House. Eventually he was dubbed with the title of Prime Minister, and Great Britain had a head to its government. Ever since Walpoles stay in office, there has been a Prime Minister working out of 10 Downing Street. Many of the Prime Ministers have noble decent, serving as Earls, Dukes, or Lords. Currently, the Prime Minister of Great Britain is Tony Blair. He has continued Thatchers policies of privatization, but he took it to an extreme level. With his commitment to public ownership, his party received a new name, New Labour. He was originally elected in 1997, and re-elected in 2001 in a landslide. Although, many of the people in Great Britain are beginning to lose faith in Blair, there has yet to be a no confidence vote. One of the most interesting interactions within the British Government is Question Time. This is a practice of questioning Prime Ministers in Parliament extending back to the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century. Today, it is an important way for Parliament Members to hold the Prime Minister accountable for their legislation and their party...

Essay about Breyers History

Essay about Breyers History Essay about Breyers History Breyers History The ice cream brand Breyers was founded by William A. Breyer in Philadelphia in 1866 just after the United States has recovered from the Civil War. The original flavor of Breyers ice cream is composed of cream, pure cane sugar, fruits and nuts. Mr. Breyer started the business by selling his home-made ice cream to his neighbors. As Breyer’s ice cream was became the first choice of ice cream in Philadelphia, Mr. Breyer registered the name â€Å"Breyers Ice Cream† and opened the first retail shop in 1882. Breyer continued delivery of his ice cream with a horse-drawn wagon and opened up several more different retail stores. As Breyer grew in popularity, so did the number of retail stores. 30 years after the first ice cream was sold, Breyers Ice Cream got their first ice cream manufacturing plant in 1896. Consumption of Breyers Ice Cream went over a million gallons in 1918 with 3 states combined (New York, New Jersey, & Washington D.C.). Breyers has been a part of Unilever since 1993 (Unilever acquired Breyers from Kraft). Why Breyers? Breyers’ wide range of ice cream related products makes the brand the most appealing amongst its competitors for a differentiated ice cream product. In addition to having more than ten categories of ice cream including Breyers Gelato, 1/2 The Fat, Gluten Free, Fat Free, CarbsmartTM and many more products to make the ice cream experience delectable, Breyers’ innovative ice cream related recipes for a gourmet dessert experience make it

The Case of Mars Bar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Case of Mars Bar - Research Paper Example This is the major difference between the qualitative research methodology and quantitative research methodology. The major kinds of qualitative research include depth interviews, which are face to face, focus groups and other techniques. Moreover, video chats, video conferencing, voice chats, group chats and internet interviewing are also included in the qualitative researching techniques3, 4,5. 4. Methodology Applied In order to conduct a qualitative marketing research in this respect, the researcher of this study makes use of the findings resulting from the conduct of the following interviews and discussions: Online Focus Group Interviews; Face to Face – Depth Interviews; and Focus Group Interviews Online interviews are preferred in this study as they are cost saving and require no physical space where the interviewee and interviewer could meet. Moreover, they are flexible and conducting in a very short time without requiring significant arrangements6. The disadvantages of o nline interviews include distant conversation in which the participants are sometimes distracted and therefore lack interest and motivation to participate. On the other hand, in case of depth interviews, there is a benefit that both interviewer and interviewee are able to talk to each other at the same physical place and therefore both can have a better understanding of each other’s facial expressions and gestures. Moreover, the depth interviews result in more precise and accurate information as the interviewer is more able to comprehend what interviewee wants to say6,7. However, the analysis of data resulting from depth interviews takes a lot of time and it is also possible that the interview does not follow a particular standard. Lastly,... Center of discussion in this paper is Mars Bar, a chocolate bar, which is manufactured by the company named Mars, Inc. The company began the production of the Mars chocolate back in 1932 in the UK. The chocolate bar, Mars is manufactured also in the United States of America and Canada and other parts of the world. Mars has introduced different varieties of its chocolate bars for different parts of the world while keeping in view the tastes and preferences of the people inhibiting there. In order to conduct a qualitative marketing research in this respect, the researcher of this study makes use of the findings resulting from the conduct of the following interviews and discussions: †¢ Online Focus Group Interviews; †¢ Face to Face – Depth Interviews; and †¢ Focus Group Interviews The online interviews conducted in this study revealed that there are mixed perceptions among the consumers of chocolate as to their preferences and choices for chocolates. It can be observed from the online interviews that the participants showed high preference towards Mars Bar, except one. All the respondents who preferred eating Mars over other chocolate brands were of the opinion that the taste of the chocolate is the major motivating factor which makes them to prefer Mars. When asked about the packaging of the Mars Bar, one participant shared his views by saying that, â€Å"it does not matter what packaging or wrapper is being used to cover up the chocolate†¦ it is all about what is inside the wrapper or packaging†¦ the issue of thin foil is, in my opinion, not an issue at all.† Other participants were of the opinion that there is no need to change the packaging.

Glaucoma research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Glaucoma research - Essay Example 24 consecutive patients presenting, over seven years, to the emergency department of a tertiary eye hospital in Melbourne, Australia, to identify incident cases of DSCH following glaucoma surgery. Clinical parameters of interest included: indication for glaucoma surgery, clinical risk and prognostic factors, and clinical outcomes. Once cases were identified, controls were selected randomly and matched for type of surgery, age, sex, and interval of time since the initial surgery. Pearson’s chi-square analysis was used to compare cases and controls. Results: There were 24 cases, for a seven-year incidence of DSCH of 1% in patients after glaucoma surgery. The average duration of time from glaucoma surgery to DSCH was 2.88 days. DSCH was most common with glaucoma drainage implants (15.4% 7-year incidence). Significant risk factors included systemic hypertension (OR 5; 95 CI 1.41-17.7; p-value 0.02), diabetes mellitus (4.23; 1.08-16.6; 0.03), ischemic heart disease (5.92; 1.35-26.1; 0.008), chronic obstructive airways disease (8.33; 2.09-33.2; 0.01) and anticoagulant use (13.8; 1.51-125.8; 0.002). Preoperative intraocular pressure (p=0.56), myopia (3.22; 0.88-11.8; 0.09) and hyperlipidemia (1.9; 0.50-7.16; 0.29) were not significant risk factors for DSCH. Visual outcomes of DSCH patients were poorer than controls, with 17 of 24 cases (71%), but only 8 of 24 controls (33%) worse, relative to pre-operative VA, when reassessed at follow-up (p = 0.004). Conclusions: DSCH is a relatively common and potentially serious complication of glaucoma surgery. Patients with known clinical risk factors should be warned of risk of DSCH and should be handled with care. Surgery is the main stay of treatment for those cases of open angle glaucoma uncontrolled by medical treatment. The most widely practiced operation is a trabeculectomy. In recent years a number of alternative non-penetrating glaucoma drainage operations have been developed such as deep sclerectomy and